Ways+of+Knowing

Knowing by way of our Senses

see black and when they removed their hands it looks blurry. || the golf ball is inside the box, we knew it was a golf ball because as we touch it we feel the surface of the ball. || When the feet fall asleep. || missing in the ingredient. || When I ate an orange and I drink a pineapple juice. ||
 * Senses ||  Times when my senses were reliable  ||  Times when my senses were “off”  ||
 * Visual || When I'm wearing sunglasses and I can look directly to the sun. || When someone's putting their hands in your eyes and I can only
 * Olfactory || If a food is spoiled or not. || When we have cold. ||
 * Touch || When we can't see the thing. For example, the activity two weeks ago in TOK,
 * Auditory || When we're talking to the phone. || When the plain takes off. ||
 * Taste || When we're cooking and we want to taste if the food is good or if there is something

Biological Constitution and Perception

In what ways does the biological constitution of a living organism determine, influence or limit its perception? If humans are sensitive only to certain ranges of stimuli, what consequences, including positive attributes and limitations, might this have for the acquisition of knowledge? Provide examples. How does technology extend and modify the capabilities of the senses?

Living organisms are basically the humans and animals. Humans have a different characteristic than animals. I don’t know what animals’ features are, but for humans we see things but perceive it differently. We are able to distinguish tall from short, and colors. Human mind has its own power and limit. Humans imagine theories based on how they perceive it. If human’s mind were limited, it wouldn’t acquire knowledge, we would just be learning and learning things at the same point and never moved on. As human grow older, the more knowledge they possess. If a child was exposed to a museum, an eight-year-old child, s/he probably doesn’t know or isn’t aware of what s/he is seeing because his/her knowledge is not yet fully developed and s/he might not even know what’s the purpose of the museum, but if his/her parents explained what it is, it will stay in her mind and would possibly remember it. Dogs main senses are smell and sound and for them to know where they are is they walks around sniffing all the time. They are sensitive to smell and high pitches and seeing is poor for them that's why they rely more on smell. Dogs are limited to human beings' meetings for they can't talk or even understand what people say and can't give an opinion. Living things could be compared and contrast through DNA test, which would give us the abilities of different creatures based on their type of perception. Flowers is also one kind of a living organism, which has a process of photosynthesis, but with no senses.

Technology can do things for us. Long time ago, people are used to use their hand in sewing clothes, but now we have this machine, which can do the work for us. Same as laundry, we have washing machine and after the laundry we just have to fold the clothes. It makes us a lazy person, yes it has benefit but a consequence takes place. For our visual in using laptop, it makes us blind because we are dealing with the electromagnetic radiation. Yes, we can connect through Internet, but it is detrimental to our health. For auditory, mostly everybody has mp3, but are they aware that excessive music would make us deaf or lower our hearing ability. We could basically benefit from technologies, but still try not to depend on it, what if someday all these technologies will be gone, what’s going to happen to us? Also for technology, we now see things that we can't see through our eyes like microscope, where we can see the small particles that our naked eyes can't. Also telescope, which we could see the outer space, the stars, planets, galaxy etc.



**Perception**
What are the primary ways in which we know the world around us? Primary ways in which we know the world around us are our olfactory, vision, touch, auditory, and taste.

**Are there stages to perception? **
Here are some recognized stages. Define them and find examples:  -filtering - When you're focusing on one thing, but other things are happening around you. You could here people talking on different topics.  -halo and horn effect - When you see someone coming to you, would you talk to him or run? We don't know which one is good and bad but we have to decide what we're going to do.  -organizing - The black wallet is in my room in the first drawer under the television on the left side.  -stereotyping - The boy is nerd because he is wearing eyeglasses, braces, and uncommon clothing.  -filling in information - I'm eating chocolate in my table and I saw a drop of tiny piece and I eat it and find out it's not the chocolate :|.  -interpretation - I see my mom come home frowning and not in a good mood which means she is tired and something might have happened.

**Perceptual Illusions**
Is your perception always accurate? Provide examples of when it is trustworthy, and when it might not be. Our perception is not always accurate, it varies. The sense of seeing is trustworthy when you see a box of unopened chocolate and you're sure that what's inside is chocolate. I saw a piece of clothing and thought it wasn't the one that I was looking for.

 Are people’s perceptions the same? How do you know this? Does this invalidate your or another person’s experience? People's perception is different but how we use the senses are very much alike, and this doesn't invalidate our own experiences. I may have tasted the food good but my friend said it has a nasty taste. Another example could be eating a spicy food, I will recognize quickly that it is spicy while others like Thai people are used to spicy food so they'll say it isn't spicy.

 Why might misperceptions occur? Misperceptions occurs when our senses are damage like in sight, others are far-sighted and some are near sighted. Sometimes, an old man might "mispercept" what a child said because he already has a low hearing. It could also be because of familiarity. If we're given a food from a different countries and we're used to eat the other one, we might not like the food like here in Saudi Arabia, the food here is much different that the food in the Philippines. MISPERCEPTIONS touch - numbness- lack of circulation vision - poor/damaged vision cold/flu - affects smell and taste vision - diffraction in water - medium affects vision - refractive index relativity - relative to your personal experience - all senses sense of space - disorientation - spinning - inner ear familiarity - habit - envisonment - not to breath under water - instinct and learned - learned to breath with aid

**Selectivity of Perception **
How do we validate our perceptions? Do we ignore some and rely more heavily on others? Why? We validate our perceptions on other people doing the same thing. If I touch something that is unseen and others did it also and we have the same interpretation then it is validated. Sometimes we do ignore other perceptions and rely only on one thing. If you want to drink a milk, we should taste it first or we can also use our smell but it is not reliable at times. - Use more than one sense, check with others, commonality of experiences - These are cross-referencing, pxomility, change angle, perspective - We could also experiment - techniques to validate perceptions... - Informations is important WE CAN'T ALWAYS VALIDATE OUR PERCEPTIONS.

 What things might affect how you interpret your perceptions? Is this selectivity conscious or unconscious? Environment where we are used to might affect how we interpret perceptions. It is conscious. If you hear the bird singing or the chickens "waking up people", you would probably think you're in a farm, in a peaceful place, but if you're in the city that is crowded and a lot of vehicles, you wouldn't be able to hear these animals.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Can you provide reasons why people perceive things differently? Explain <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">People have different experiences and happenings in their life that would've made them perceive things differently. We didn't grow or lived in the same place. We have complete difference on backgrounds, parents, schools, and we have different beliefs. Like twins, they look much alike but their personality could be completely different.

**Seeing and Believing**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What do you create from your perceptions? Imaginations, reality, thoughts

In this case, one could ask, what belief or models affect our perception? - Advertising, Influences, Beliefs, Experiences, Movies, Age, Gender

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This leads to the question of if, or how are, the senses used in the different Areas of Knowing? Areas of Knowledge are ethics, maths, natural science, human science, history, and arts. In math, we solve solutions. These solutions and equations that we used are used in real life. We use vision in math and knowledge to solve a problem. We use this for measurements of different shapes of a thing, In engineering, math is the major major major subject because it is all about building a building! Everything we see is probably done by a calculation and measurements. A square wouldn't be a square if it doesn't have the same size. For Music class, we use our vision and hearing to distinguish the difference between different genres of music. A music entertain us, it is made to amuse us and see the beauty of the world. Different emotions are shown in different music, it could be a happy song, a sad song, a romantic song, a techno song. In Chemistry, we use vision, smelling, sometimes tasting if it is something that has to do with a food. Chemistry is used for the manufacturing of food and the chemicals that we have to know. We use our vision to check the color of the reaction produces and it is done several times to get the right one.

Distinguishing Appearance from Reality How would you be able to confirm if your perceptions are representing what you are experiencing accurately? Appearance is what we see and reality is what is happening. We won't be able to confirm if our perceptions are representing what we are experiencing is accurate.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Homework:** Write wiki entry on perceptions and truth: If you left the planet and had to explain to an alien what life was like on our planet, what would you say? What might be some of the problems associated with your perceptions? What things would you highlight, what would you not highlight and why? How would you explain that you knew your description was the truth? Provide examples. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There are different classes on Earth. The difference between poor and rich people. Poor are usually those who live in squatters, farmers, and those who have low education. Rich people are usually those who owns these farms. A lot of distinction could be made between them. There are different culture and religion. People has to survive and work to live. In your childhood, you have to study so you have future. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There is also one point that people have different perceptions. We have senses that we use for everyday lives and help us go through from day to day. Life in our planet would really be hard to explain. People grew up with different experiences and different environments. If you do live in every country, in every region maybe you would be able to feel the life in our planet Earth. A person has a different perspective. One thing could be seen as good for someone but bad for the others. There are these economic competition between countries. Everyone doesn't have the same knowledge and thinking. If you live in a place, some might like you or some might hate you. That's how life goes in our planet. People might look alike in the aliens first seeing. It wouldn't be easy for him to distinguish the eyes of other nationalities to Asian, of how people smell things; for those who used to live in the street and familiar with the smell of the garbage, they wouldn't probably mind the smell while for those who live in a fancy house with a fresh air, they would probably say 'gross' when they pass by a garbage; for hearing, oldies might say pop music is not good because it is not familiar for them, but for kids and teenagers it is the most popular genre of music now, something that is rock and a techno. A lot of things are interpreted in different ways based on our beliefs, influences, experiences, everything that would affect our perception.

**Reality**
So if there is agreement that perceptions may not be perfect, then how do we get around them to perceive reality? Or, is this even possible? We get around to perceive reality by being a positive person. But it sill depends on the the person. But most of the time we are already perceiving the reality.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions **
Please don't cry....

**The nature of emotions**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the underlying __nature__ of our emotions? Emotions come from what's happening. Sometimes, if you feel alone and no one to talk to you feel sad. Emotions varies. There are different motions, could be negative or positive. Two emotions that we could have is happy or sad. Sadness could be when someone died, or had a fight with a close person, when you feel alone while you are happy when you feel so energetic, and excited, and all these things that is important to you are happening. We even sometimes cry while laughing, that's the tears of joy and that's when the greatest things in life happens. A tear is precious because it only comes down for the person that is the most important to you and a smile could be given to anyone. I could smile at you even if I don't like you. Smile can hide our true feelings and emotions and it's just really hard to fake.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> When you feel an emotion, how do you know you are feeling that way? Can you explain why you are having this emotion? When you read something in Facebook for example that is really not good and like the person is like a motivating everyone. Example, one time I was in Facebook reading notes from other people. It was a speech done by one graduatee. S/he shared his/her experience about having a low grade and just one more fail test his gonna be expelled from the school but s/he still graduated. It was his/her second time to graduate to prove to everyone that s/he is able to go up and speak highly. After reading the speech it was kind of change my emotion. My mind goes like, I can do this also someday I will be like him and prove to everyone that I CAN. I'm having this emotion because I felt like my blood rose and started to do my homeworks. -Another example is when you are excited, and you just can't focus on one thing and at night you can't sleep. -When you feel so sad, something happened bad and you can't do work, you can't eat, you can't even talk. When I feel sad, I just stop doing work and try to listen to music to make myself feel more better and I'll go to sleep and when I woke up, I try to forget everything and focus again. Sleeping is the only way I can do to make myself forget everything and do what I have to do.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Describe the process by which you develop an emotion. In what ways do we describe emotions through language? We develop emotions through language on the way we speak it. When we're angry and someone talk to us, we'll just frown at him then say, 'Don't talk to me. I'm not in the mood.' SOme even swear when they are mad. When we are happy, we can't really say a word, sometimes it's through the smile that people can see the happiness and in our eyes, it's glistening. WHen we speak, we are energetic and so happy that when someone is mad we don't even recognize it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Can you reason about emotions? Yes, every emotions depends on something that had happened. For example, when someone die you'd probably feel sad and lonely and of course you wouldn't be celebrating it, how horrible you are if you do. There are also times when you just laugh by yourself and people would think you are crazy, but you do this because you're thinking about happy times that would make your feeling better. Emotions don't just come out when it has to. Emotions are hard to just do it, like if you want to be happy we can't when we really feel so miserable. Life is kind of about emotions. One example that isn't appropriate that is really true is when some politicians, they use their power to kill someone when they are really mad when this person's secret was revealed. A lot of politicians do this in order to stay in their positions.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What things influence your emotions? Things that influence my emotions are the events and happenings that had happened and this changes my mood. Sometimes when we are talking to our friend and his mad, he becomes mad at us like the world is his/her enemy. It's better to stay away from people when they are mad because you'll just be included in it. People and circumstances influence our emotions. When something happened bad like someone was mad at you, people could influence you for they could say 'it's your fault' or could also be 'it is not your fault' either of these you will believe.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Are controlling emotions a good or a bad thing? Explain with examples. It depends for me. I usually control my emotions. When I'm about to cry, I just don't like it and I stop myself from crying. I just want to forget everything. Get through it. I hate it when people see me crying I don't know why, it's just I don't like it. I don't feel like it. It is a good thing for me because people don't see my true feelings and would just ignore it and that's what I want. But it still varies. Every time a friend of mine asks, "How are you?", I'll always say I'm fine even though I'm not. I am the kind of person who is secretive. I just burst it our when I can't handle it anymore. And sometimes this is a bad thing because you get depress and so worried about something, and you can't talk to anyone. Other example is when someone is teasing you, sometimes it is funny, and sometimes it already hurts and they still don't percept it because they predict that it doesn't matter to you and you can deal with it but the truth is you can't so you just ignore it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> How do emotions change as you get older? Why does this happen? Emotions change because we become more mature. When we were young, we usually cry a lot and when we get older we just see that it is not normal for an older age. I mean, would you see a 12 year old kid crying in the street because s/he can't get what s/he wants? Probably no because their parents already taught them. They know when to be have a childish thinking and when to be not. You also see how things work and how it affects your thinking. You've got a bigger picture when you get old.

Are emotions influenced by culture? Yes, emotions are influenced by culture. If you watched some movies, and you asked two different nationalities to judge the emotion that was made, one might look at how the words was said and the other one might look in their faces. It's probably because that's how we were born and got use to it.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions as obstacle **
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can emotions affect the way we understand something? Yes, emotions affect the way we understand something. I'll use again my last example when you watch a movie and we saw that the emotion was happy then we'd probably think that s/he is really happy. But we all know that true feelings could be hidden. It varies on the person. We are assuming in every effect emotion made. Sometimes we see people crying but there are two emotion in it, could be you're sad, or it is a tears of joy but people usually see it as sadness. Also, if we don't like one thing we will never be able to learn or try it. And if we really adore one thing we always try it and do our best to achieve that thing. That's how emotions go. You don't feel like doing it then you will never be bothered to do it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Can emotions limit the reliability or even the validity of a knowledge claim? Provide examples. Yes, emotions can limit the reliability and the validity of one's knowledge. One can hide it's true feelings. For example, you can tell someone about your feelings about the other person, but you could fake it. It's everyone's choice.

Can emotional responses be misunderstood by others? How do you get around that? Yes, emotional responses can be misunderstood by others. We perceive differently, and our mind and thinking is probably not the same as the others. Some could agree on one another but different reasons. We get around it in discussing the conclusions and what we came up. This could change from the reasons that's given by this, it influences our thoughts and feelings.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions as source **
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can emotions be an important aspect of creating knowledge? Provide examples. No, emotions cannot be an important aspect in creating knowledge. It depends on the person's personality/character. If a guy is boring then all things that seems funny will be boring for him and same as those who just love to laugh and have fun, all things would be exciting for them. For example, a friend that is sad and the others are happy, they wouldn't see or recognize your feelings they'll just do whatever they want.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What is emotional intelligence? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control and evaluate emotions."

Is there such a thing as Intuition? Would you rely on it as a reliable way of knowing? Provide examples. Yes, there is such a thing as Intuition. I wouldn't really rely on this one as a reliable way of knowing because I am not sure if it is right or wrong. This is just a second thought that we made but aren't certain about it. For example, when we had an exam in Chemistry I thought I wouldn't get a lot of right answers. Well I really didn't but the thing is I thought I did really bad in it. But I got half of the over all that makes my intuition wrong. We can't always rely on intuition about our grades.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can you classify emotions? What categories could you create? Emotions could be classified to basic and complex. For example, the happiness is in the basic category while if we add up excitement to happiness, it is now in the complex category. Could also be categorized on the effect, whether it is a good thing or a bad thing. Sometimes happiness has a good thing and a bad thing. You might be happy, but your friend isn't but you still continue on teasing her and doesn't even value his/her feelings. Emotions are angry, sad, happy, disgust, surprise, and fear. These are norm feelings. I would take disgust as it is normal for a person. When we see someone that we really hate, we suddenly disgust him/her when even this person is doing nothing to us.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What role does emotion play in some of the different areas of knowledge? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotion play a big role in Music! Well, everyone's mood change when they hear a music. If you hear something like rock then you will act like rock or I mean your world would be in like rock.. (hard to explain.. hope you get it).. When you hear a romantic song, you start to imagine romantic scenes that sometimes would might not happen. It gives you imagination. It Math, if you don't like the subject then you will not try to listen to the lessons. You get distracted. It is the same as other areas of knowledge. It's just like wanting something and you will do everything just to get it. In History subject, historians views are always shown and how we perceived their thinking changes our mood because sometimes it is just not in favor. Some historians are positive about the person like it is in favor of it and says only the good things and some are being negative and says all the bad things. These shape the way we think. Our emotions would be influenced by their emotions. In Chemistry, emotions also play a role. There is always excitement in everyone's face whenever we will do an experiment and they will get done by the experiment before the time ends because they worked really fast. In conclusion, emotions play a big role in everything. We wouldn't be able to do things without emotion and emotion is always with us. We always have emotions that change the way how we do works.

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Reason**
Are you always reasonable in your reasoning? What does that mean? I am not always reasonable in my reasoning. Reasonable in reasoning means the reason is right but could still be argued. Sometimes, reason could be just to win the battle. For example, if you're having a debate with someone you will always argue what is right in your point of view, opinion, and what is supporting your topic. Reasons could be reasonable but not always. People love to argue. As long as there are following questions the reasoning will never end. There will always be one who'll win and one is a loser, but sometimes even the winner is not reasonable.

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**The Nature of Reasoning**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What exactly is reasoning? Reasoning is the answer to every question. When a teacher asks a student where is his homework, he'll probably say he was sick the other day that's why he didn't have the energy to do it. That's reasoning. It is an explanation that has thought in it. It could be logical in the form of judgement and conclusions.

What does the process of reasoning entail? Process of reasoning entail the deductive and inductive reasons. It may come from a specific or general thought. It is the process of arguments, effects, cause, explanation; it is the mind thinking thoughtfully to understand such a thing. Sometimes, it is practical or could be based on facts.

Is there good and bad reasoning? Yes, there is good and bad reasoning. But the thing is, should it be accepted? Good reasoning involves the truth of the premises as well as its validity.

Is there a history of reasoning? Maybe there is. For me, yes, because people has to argue which one should be trusted and believed. If there is no one right answer, then all the questions will never end and answered correctly. Who knows which is right and wrong, but there are this politicians, scientist, and other kinds of people who give people the truth. But as a human, there will always be someone disagreeing.

For next class, create one of each of the following syllogisms (Remember, your first premise should be general, the second more specific) :


 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Two true premises, and a true conclusion
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">One true premise, one false premise, and a true conclusion
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">One true premise, one false premise and a false conclusion
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Two false premises and a true conclusion
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Two false premises and a false conclusion

1. Sport is an activity Activity is exercise ... Sport is an exercise

2. Animal has life and life is dangerous ... Animal is dangerous

3. Cinemas are for movies. The movie is Devil. ... Cinema is devil

4. All houses are made of woods. Woods are sustainable. ... All houses are sustainable

5. All clothes in all stores are new. Clothes are for display only. ... Stores are for display only.

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Types of Reasoning**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What are inductive and deductive processes of reasoning? What is informal reasoning? <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php Inductive reasoning is the process of making conclusions or theory based on the experiences. theory->hypothesis->observation->confirmation For example: our class is having a study group and the two students don't want to do the homework and don't want to study for 10 consecutive days, then we'll conclude that they will fail the test and they are not reliable to ask. Deductive reasoning is the process of making general idea before the experience happens. observation->pattern->tentative hypothesis->theory Informal reasoning is the deductive reasoning, making theory and judging without any basis......

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Is reasoning done to produce knowledge about something specific, or something in general? How is this done? Provide examples of each. Reasoning could produce knowledge about something specific and something in general because it actually depends. If we'll say something to a specific person then it is a specific reasoning. Let's just say that we see a man riding a motorcycle for like 10 following days. We will conclude that he loves motorcycle and he doesn't have a car. And if we say something general like we see all the students are in the library having a study group, then we'll conclude that these students love to study and do teamwork. Also if we see a man with a big muscles going to the gym, we'll conclude that all men that go to the gym have big bodies. It is done based on the experience, which is an inductive reasoning. Another example is the one the other group did in class: the group of choir members are waiting for the start of the practice, then a girl came to them and asked how the choir was and they said it was fun and she should join them. Then the girl came with them and after the practice she didn't find it that interesting. She said she's not gonna come back anymore because she said based on her experience that it is boring and no fun stuff is being done. This is the process of deductive to inductive reasoning. The girl went to the choir because she has the main idea that the choir is fun but then when she experienced it she conclude that it is not that interesting. Different reasoning is done by different people. Reasoning depends ....

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What role does time play in judging the truth value of your reasoning, whether inductive or deductive? As a teenager, I would conclude that we have a deductive reasoning because we have little experiences on things while as we go older we get more experiences and this makes us an inductive person. "Oldies" and a child has a lot different experiences in life. A child doesn't think that much and isn't mature enough to make inductive reasoning. For example, a student who just graduated and starting a new job will have a deductive reasoning because he knows nothing about the work. S/he may be inductive on the things that s/he's going to do or work on because he experienced it in his/her college, but s/he will make a deductive reasoning on the people s/he will work with. People has different personality and characteristics. If s/he just saw her/him in his appearance and clothing a different perspective could be reasoned because s/he just saw his/her officemate. It's just like first impression, which is usually not true compared to the real character.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Provide examples of how Induction and Deduction are used in your other courses or activities. Can you provide examples of where it might be problematic? That is, do you see any cases where induction, an event leads to a generalization, is correct or not correct? Are there cases where general rules applied to specific situations work or don't work? <span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Make a table if you find that easier.


 * Courses || Example ||
 * Music – Induction || In Music class, we usually listen to music first before we decide on its elements. We know the instrument once we heard it; we cannot guess the instrument because a song can be played in different instruments. Soon in our course we will also be able to distinguish the time it was made based on its characteristics. ||
 * English – Deduction

English – Induction || In titles of stories or novels we usually make a theory based on our understanding about it.

When we start to read a novel, we then know what’s happening in the story and by the end what we induct about the title would be proved or falsified. ||
 * Math – Deduction || In Math, we use deduction to prove the mathematical formula or equation. For example is proving that the semi-circle is 180 degrees while a whole circle is 360 degrees. Different calculation could be use for it. ||
 * Chemistry – Deduction || In Chemistry, a general idea is used to prove it by doing an experiment. We did first the titration for standardization of sodium chloride to get the concentration of the solution. ||
 * History – Induction || In History, we study first different perspective before we conclude the general idea. For example is we are studying now the regime of Stalin. We are looking for the answer if his ruling was totalitarianism. We are doing some research about his policies and what was done under his administration after this we will be able to decide if USSR was under totalitarian government or not. ||

**Bracelet** =Accessory = Symbol of Friendship =Kuya Fredie
 * [[image:file://localhost/Users/students/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0clip_image004.png width="395" height="34" align="center" caption="Schools Students:Users:students:Desktop:Arrow.png"]] ||
 * Individual(left) --- Group(center) --- Universal(right) ||

Tree

<span style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; display: block; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 4pt; padding-right: 4pt; padding-top: 1pt;"> Wooden Boat (L) Environment (F) Plant (L) Carpenters (F) Paper (L) Shade (F) Woods (L) Christmas Tree (F) Tree of Life (F) Noah (F) Forest (F) Adam and Eve (F) Fruit (F) Flood (L) Family Tree (F) Tree Climbing (F) Global Warming (L)
 * [[image:file://localhost/Users/students/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_image002.png width="395" height="34" align="center" caption="Schools Students:Users:students:Desktop:Arrow.png"]] ||
 * Individual(left) --- Group(center) --- Universal(right) ||

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Language **
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Activity: As a group, create a small skit showing how language might be problematic <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Students choose a list of problems that language poses in creating understanding and the audience must define what the problem is.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> A little Linguistic theory <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - Linguistic determinism - language determines the way we think. Example: Innu have many words for snow. “The real world is to a large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group.”(Sapir in Lagemaat, p. 68) Each language thus represents a different social reality; it is not merely a case of having different labels for the same reality. The words create a reality and defines our interpretation of it. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - Ricoeur on Discourse and Action: The discursive act - <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Some theories of language acquisition: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[]

It is clear that language and communication is filled with symbols. Your example of the "crescent moon" showed there were many associations with the idea of a crescent moon. You found individual associations, group, and even universal associations. See the homework page for your assignment related to this idea.

Consider in what ways the term you chose can be understood literally and what ways it can be understood figuratively. I ask you to consider which representation is more true? The literal meaning of the figurative meaning? In what ways does each one convey truth?

As a next step, try this activity. Complete the box below with examples of literal and figurative truths for the different areas of knowing, then explain why one is true and one is not true, or why one is more true than another, or what is true about the statement at all? If these are not true, then what value are they, and how do we get to the truth when trying to decide things? Complete this chart first: (<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://mathforum.org/dr/math/faq/faq.imag.num.html ) || H is made up of one proton and one electron || WW2 started in 1939 || The Things we Carried is fictional || The Mona Lisa is a famous work of art. || Thou shalt not kill || People are inherently selfish ||
 * Term || Math || Exp. Sciences || History || Languages || The Arts || Ethics || Natural Sciences ||
 * Literal || Imaginary numbers are real
 * Figurative || Pi is like the Mona Lisa || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Hydrogen is so small that if the proton in its nucleus was enlarged to the size of a basketball, the electron would be some 20 miles away or so.

<span style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none initial; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Read more: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #003399; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://wiki.answers.com] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">How big is an atom?  || World War 1 was an Armageddon. || Our lives are like tales of fiction || The Mona Lisa looks like my brother! || Homosexuality is the elephant in the room that no one wants to address. || Social norms are like clothes we wear. ||

How would you rank the importance of language as a WOK?

Is language inherently literal or is it figurative? TREES <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10 points: -Examples:
 * It depends on the situation, whether a person is being serious or sarcastic
 * Confusion between literal and figurative can lead to misconceptions
 * Can be literal or figurative depending on how people would interpret it
 * People sometimes misunderstand what you say and take it literally
 * We use figurative to add humor
 * For figurative, we play with words
 * Literal is the way you describe what it is
 * Figurative is when you play with words by creating metaphors
 * Spill the beans -When you spill a bag of bean -When you tell someone the full details of a story
 * Black eye -Someone's eyes (iris) are black -A person was punched in the face and has a black eye
 * Blue Monday -The sky is blue on a Monday -A sad monday
 * Rabbit's foot -A rabbit's foot -Can also mean luck

Is language play? In what ways? Provide examples. PLUS SUNS


 * Language is the way we convey our perception, emotion and reason (P.E.R) to other people.
 * Individuals have their own language P.E.R.
 * “Hang on”, someone could wait or jump on you.
 * “I’m going to kill you!!”, the person saying it is either angry or a serial killer.
 * All words can be used as play or plain communication.
 * There is a difference between written and spoken.
 * Verbal language tends to be more playful while sign language is usually used as plain communication.

Do all terms have distinct definitions?

Do words denote something specific? Provide examples. Or, do they always have various connotations?

Do words represent images in our minds or some idea out there, or do they refer to real things? MOONS




 * Most of the words can be imagined as pictures or ideas in most of people's minds, and then refer into real things.
 * Words that are about real things in life that we can touch, see, hear, taste or smell, are represented in our minds as images or pictures of the thing, though the pictures can be different, but they'll talk about one thing, as long as it's about one specific meaning of the word.
 * Most of the words that are imaginable refer to real things. eg.: when someone says there is a dog outside, then most of people will have the idea or the picture "Dog" in their minds, so this helps knowing the word and what does it refer to.
 * Words that are about feelings or things that are not touchable or visual are usually unimaginable as pictures, and even if they are, they may not refer to real things directly. eg.: the word "Life" doesn't refer for something real by saying it just like that, but it may make some individual mean or picture for some people.
 * Some people make images or ideas for different words, even if they're not real things, to help remember them or make them easier to understand, and that helps a lot building the brain and the memory, and helps making them stronger.
 * Usually, words have different images inside each one's mind, so they may have the same meaning or different meanings, depends of the way the person sees or understands the word. This is very similar to the Homonym, which means words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings. eg: the word "Heart", for some people it may be pictured as a human heart, others may imagine it as a love heart, and some may imagine it as the center of something.
 * Words that are universal sometimes have the same picture in our minds, so the whole word will have the same picture when they hear a word like that. eg.: the word "Nine" have a picture of the number nine for most of the people. Some words may have the same picture in specific situations. eg.: the word "Sun" will have the same picture of a sun, when talking about weather or a twilight or something.
 * Names that are unique, which means they're not similar to another word, are the words that have only one picture or very similar pictures in people minds, and this is for the situation when talking about a specific known person, and everyone knows that the topic is about him. eg.: "Ludacris" is a common words that will have the same picture for the same person in our mind, or similar pictures, which is the singer.
 * Words that are not imaginable are understood by experience and repetition, so people also may make picture which refer to the experiment or the action, and then relate it to the word, so this type also can refer to real things, but indirectly.
 * From the previous point above, we notice that the two types of words, words which can be imagined, and words which cannot, can refer to real things for most of us, but the difference is how does it refer, directly or indirectly.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A routine for noticing truth occasions <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Key Prompts: <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. Identify a topic or situation. Is this idea clearly true, or false, or where between the two? <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The topic is the individualism or universality of language. It is both. If a person is in the Philippines then the universal language in the Philippines is Tagalog. In the whole world, I'd say the universal word is English. Everywhere you go there is an English speaker even just a simple english word. <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. What makes it so certain or uncertain? (or almost certainly true or false) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. How important is it? What makes it important? (important or not so important)

Is language be personal/individual or is it part of a shared community? STARS

Is there a difference between the written word and speaking or dialogue? Provide examples. SATURN


 * Content makes a difference
 * You can incorporate emotions into words
 * Words have different meanings (literal/figurative)
 * The method of how words are expressed (Tone/Volume)
 * Fonts reflect different styles (bold, italics, small, big)
 * Spelling and Capitalization - (Thanks vs. Thnx) (march vs. March)
 * Different cultures may have different meanings to specific words

Yes, there can be huge differences between written word and speaking.


 * When written, words can be interpreted to have any intention behind the words. (this interpretation can be guided and restricted in context though)
 * Words in context, or dialogue provides a different meaning to the literal word
 * When speaking, emotions can be incorporated into our words (via, volume, speed, tone)
 * The interpretation of words can be non-literal or hinting when spoken (Sarcasm or 'playful' voice like Bilal's)
 * Spelling and Capitalisation on paper has different meanings (Thnx vs Thank you) (March vs march)
 * Fonts suggests different meanings (Italic, bold, font size)
 * The words coming out of different mouths have different weight (instructions or commands from teachers vs children)
 * Many people have accents, this accent when speaking the written words provide a lot more information

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Does language change? How, when, and why? PINKIES How: When: Why:
 * Formal language can change to Slang as in when speaking to a teacher or someone older, you use respect, but when you use slang you are mainly speaking to a friend or someone you are close with.
 * Translation can change when we speak in one language, and then change to another language, say one person has 2 first languages they are able to change from Arabic to English at one time whilst speaking to someone else.
 * Interpretation of definition within words can be seen as a change in language as one thing can mean something to someone and it can mean something else to another person.
 * Time is a large factor of change in language as it can mean language changes through symbols. For example if we take Chinese characters there is a history saying that they used to be actual pictures of the word they are drawing (character for a bird would be a picture of a bird) and through time is has developed into simpler characters and not an actual picture.
 * Migration can change language depending on where you live and who you live around.
 * Easy (language change has become a lot simpler and more efficient for people to use)
 * Coolness (can be a factor of how language changes because it identifies their personality
 * Personal codes can be a factor of change as it can show differential relationships with people
 * Changes according to stuff changing (possibly technology, as in a word such as 'phonograph' would not be used anymore as nowadays people don't use them.
 * Influence (can affect the way people talk within their language as it can be changed on a daily basis by the people around you.)